Background Note: Belarus
Background Note: Belarus
PROFILE
OFFICIAL
NAME:
Republic of Belarus
Geography
Area: 207,600 sq. km. (80,100 sq. mi.); slightly smaller
than Kansas.
Cities: Capital--Minsk.
Terrain:
Landlocked, low-lying with thick forests, flat marshes and
fields.
Climate: Cold winters, cool and moist summers,
transitional between continental and maritime.
People
Nationality: Noun--Belarusian(s).
Adjective--Belarusian.
Population (July 2009
est.): 9,648,533 (urban 73%; rural 27%).
Population
decline (2009 est.): -0.378%.
Ethnic groups (1999
census): Belarusian (81.2%), Russian (11.4%), Polish (3.9%),
Ukrainian (2.4%), Jewish (0.3%), other (0.8%).
Religions
(2004 est.): Eastern Orthodox 80%, Catholic 14%, Protestant
2%, other (including Autocephalous Orthodox, Jewish, Muslim,
and Krishna) 4%.
Languages: Belarusian and Russian
(official).
Education: Literacy--99.6%.
Health: Infant mortality rate (2009
est.)--6.43/1,000. Life expectancy (2009 est.)--70.63
years (men 64.95 years, women 76.67 years).
Work force
(4.3 million as of December 31, 2005):
Industry—34.7%; agriculture and
forestry--14%; construction--7.9%;
transportation, communications--7.6%; trade,
catering--12.2%; education--10.7%;
other--24.3%.
Government
Type: Republic.
Constitution: March 30, 1994; revision by unrecognized
national referendum of November 24, 1996, gave presidency
greatly expanded powers and became effective November 27,
1996.
Independence: 1991 (from Soviet Union).
Branches: Executive--President (head of state),
Prime Minister (head of government), Council of Ministers
(cabinet). Legislative--bicameral: the House of
Representatives (110 deputies) and the Council of the
Republic (64 deputies). Judicial--Supreme Court and
the Constitutional Court.
Administrative subdivisions:
Six oblasts (regions) and one municipality.
Political
parties: Belarus has 15 registered political parties,
including: Agrarian Party (AP); Belarusian Communist Party
(KPB); Green Party Belarusian Social and Sports Party;
Belarusian Patriotic Movement (BPR); Belarusian Popular
Front (BNF); Belarusian Social-Democrat Party (BSDP);
Social-Democratic Hramada Party; Conservative Christian
Party-BNF; United Civic Party (UCP); Liberal Democratic
Party of Belarus (LDBP); Party of Communists Belarusian
(PKB); Party of Popular Accord; Republican Party of Labor
and Justice (RPPS); Social Democratic Party of Popular
Accord (PPA);Several of these parties exist in name only.
Other, unregistered parties are also active, such as:
Belarusian Christian Democracy, Belarusian Party of Labor,
Women's Party Nadezhda, Christian Conservative Party, and
Party of Freedom and Progress.
Suffrage: Universal at
age 18.
Economy
GDP (2008 est.): $57.68 billion.
GDP growth rate (2008 est.): 9.2%.
Per capita GDP
(2008 est.): $11,800.
Natural resources: Forest land,
peat deposits, potash, small amounts of oil and natural gas.
Agriculture: Products--grain, potatoes,
vegetables, flax, beef, milk.
Industry:
Types--machinery and transport equipment, chemical
products, fabrics, and consumer goods.
Trade (2008):
Exports--$31.81 billion (refined petroleum, potash
fertilizers, machinery and transport equipment, chemicals,
foodstuffs, metals, and textiles). Major
markets--Russia, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Great
Britain, Ukraine, and Latvia. Imports--$36.64 billion
(mineral products, machinery and equipment, metals, crude
oil and natural gas, chemicals, foodstuffs). Major
suppliers--Russia, Germany, Ukraine, Poland, Italy,
Lithuania.
Exchange rate (June 2009): 2,852 BYR
(Belarusian rubles) = U.S. $1.
HISTORICAL HIGHLIGHTS
While archeological evidence points to settlement in
today's Belarus at least 10,000 years ago, recorded history
begins with settlement by Baltic and Slavic tribes in the
early centuries A.D. With distinctive features by the ninth
century, the emerging Belarusian state was then absorbed by
Kievan Rus' in the ninth century. Belarus was later an
integral part of what was called Litva, which included
today's Belarus as well as today's Lithuania. Belarus was
the birthplace of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Belarusian
was the state language of the Grand Duchy until 1697, in
part owing to the strong flowering of Belarusian culture
during the Renaissance through the works of leading
Belarusian humanists such as Frantzisk Skaryna. Belarus was
the site of the Union of Brest in 1597, which created the
Greek Catholic Church, for long the majority church in
Belarus until suppressed by the Russian empire, and the
birthplace of Thaddeus Kosciuszko, who played a key role in
the American Revolution. Occupied by the Russian empire from
the end of the 18th century until 1918, Belarus declared its
short-lived National Republic on March 25, 1918, only to be
forcibly absorbed by the Bolsheviks into what became the
Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.). Suffering devastating population
losses under Soviet leader Josif Stalin and the German Nazi
occupation, including mass executions of 800,000 Jews,
Belarus was retaken by the Soviets in 1944. It declared its
sovereignty on July 27, 1990, and independence from the
Soviet Union on August 25, 1991. It has been run by
authoritarian Alyaksander Lukashenka since 1994.
GOVERNMENT
The constitution provides for a directly
elected president who serves a 5-year term. The bicameral
parliament consists of the 64-seat Council of the Republic
and the 110-seat House of Representatives. The Council of
the Republic is the house of territorial representation.
Eight members of the Council are appointed directly by the
president of the Republic of Belarus, while local regional
councils elect the rest. The deputies to the House of
Representatives are elected directly by the voters. The
president appoints the prime minister, who is the head of
government.
POLITICAL CONDITIONS
Since his election
in July 1994 as the country's first President, Alyaksander
Lukashenka has consolidated power steadily in the executive
branch through authoritarian means and has dominated all
branches of government. He used a non-democratic referendum
in November 1996 to amend the 1994 constitution to broaden
his powers and illegally extend his term in office. He began
to count his 5-year term in 1996, thereby adding 2 years to
his first term in office. Based on the unrecognized 1996
constitution, Lukashenka announced that presidential
elections were to be held in 2001. In 2004, he engineered a
fraudulent referendum that removed term limits on the
presidency. Independent exit polling of the referendum
showed results far different from those officially
announced. In 2006, Lukashenka "won" another term in an
undemocratic election. In January 2007, he further
consolidated his rule through local elections that failed to
meet international standards.
In October 2000, parliamentary elections occurred for the first time since the disputed referendum of 1996. According to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR), these elections failed to meet international democratic standards. International monitors noted sweeping human rights violations and undemocratic practices throughout the election period, including massive vote-counting fraud. These irregularities led the OSCE/ODIHR to find that these elections failed to meet Belarus' OSCE commitments for democratic elections. March 2003 local elections and October 2004 parliamentary elections also failed to meet international standards of freedom and fairness. OSCE/ODIHR observers declared that the parliamentary elections fell far short of international standards, citing abuses in the campaign period and the vote counting.
The March 19, 2006 presidential election marked another low point in the government's treatment of its own citizens. OSCE/ODIHR observers noted that the election failed to meet international standards, was characterized by a disregard for the basic rights of freedom of assembly, association, and expression, and included a highly problematic vote count. Authorities detained many opposition and civic activists during the campaign and used force against demonstrators protesting the fraudulent election. Opposition presidential candidate Alyaksandr Kazulin was beaten and arrested during post-election protests. He was sentenced to a 5-year jail term. The Belarusian authorities released Kazulin on August 16, 2008.
Belarus held parliamentary elections in late September 2008 Despite Belarusian authorities’ public assurances that the elections would be “unprecedentedly” democratic and transparent, the OSCE/ODIHR election observation mission determined the elections fell short of OSCE standards. The authorities denied registration for approximately 20% of opposition candidates as well as candidates overall. While candidates were allotted their mandatory campaign airtime on various media outlets, restrictions on this access made it difficult for candidates to adequately present their platforms to the public. OSCE/ODIHR observers noted good access to polling stations during early voting and election day. However, the Belarusian authorities fell short on access for OSCE/ODIHR and other observers to the vote count, a crucial aspect for determining the transparency of the elections. OSCE/ODIHR observers assessed transparency of the vote count to have been bad or very bad in 48% of observed cases. The OSCE recognized minor improvements in the conduct of the elections, but the lack of a transparent vote count made it impossible to determine the validity of the elections. The Department of State issued a statement following OSCE/ODIHR’s preliminary assessment, expressing disappointment with the failure of the Belarusian elections to meet international standards.
Although government restrictions on basic freedoms spiked in connection with elections, they continued even in non-election periods. Efforts to further infringe upon press freedoms included the continued use of libel laws, restrictions on foreign funding, pressure on businesses not to advertise with independent media, limitations on access to newsprint and printing presses, prohibiting access to state distribution networks, censorship, restrictions on the import of media-related materials, temporary and permanent suspension of independent and opposition periodicals, confiscation in quantity of printed publications, and detention of those distributing such material. In December 2004, the government adopted new legislation establishing criminal penalties for "discrediting Belarus" and organizing activities of an unregistered non-governmental organization (NGO). The government has continued to make use of its monopoly on television broadcasting to present biased news coverage and to minimize the presentation of opposing points of view. All Internet service providers in Belarus operate through a state-controlled portal. Despite constitutional provisions, a 1998 government decree limited citizens' rights to express their own opinions. A new media law came into force in February 2009. The law prohibits Belarusian media outlets from obtaining technical or monetary support from foreign organizations or individuals unless they are co-founders, requires re-registration of most existing media and accreditation of journalists, and subjects online news media to the same requirements as print and broadcast media. These new restrictions threaten to undermine the last outlets of free speech online in Belarus. However, the Belarusian authorities have publicly stated they will in practice suspend the requirements for online media. In late 2008, the authorities took a number of positive steps, including distributing two leading independent newspapers--Nasha Niva and Narodnaya Volya--through state networks, registering the “For Freedom” movement, and creating a public council to engage civil society.
The 1994 and 1996 constitutions both provide for freedom of peaceful assembly; however, the regime severely restricts this right in practice. Demonstrations require an application at least 15 days in advance of the event, and the local government must then respond positively or negatively at least 5 days prior to the event. Applications by opposition groups are usually rejected. Following many unsanctioned demonstrations, police and other security officials detain, harass, and beat demonstration participants. Police also often film sanctioned events.
The constitution provides for freedom of religion; however, the authorities restrict this right in practice. Although Article 16 of the 1996 amended constitution reaffirms the equality of religions and denominations before the law, it also contains restrictive language stipulating that cooperation between the state and religious organizations "is regulated with regard for their influence on the formation of spiritual, cultural, and country traditions of the Belarusian people."
The government also restricts religious freedom in accordance with the provisions of a 2002 law on religion and a 2003 concordat with the Belarusian Orthodox Church (BOC), a branch of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) and the only officially recognized Orthodox denomination. Although there is no state religion, the concordat grants the BOC privileged status Protestants in particular have attracted negative attention. Numerous anti-Semitic acts and attacks on religious monuments, buildings, and cemeteries have occurred with little discernable response from the government. Authorities have kept many religious communities waiting as long as several years for decisions about property registration or restitution. Authorities also harassed and fined members of certain religious groups, especially those that the authorities appear to regard as bearers of foreign cultural influence or as having a political agenda. Foreign missionaries, clergy, and humanitarian workers affiliated with churches have faced many government-imposed obstacles, including deportation and visa refusal or cancellation.
On December 17, 2007, President Lukashenka abolished exit stamps in favor of a computerized system that verifies the validity of passports. At the same time, however, he authorized the Interior Ministry to ban travel by individuals who had access to state secrets, who were facing criminal prosecution or civil suits, and who had outstanding financial commitments. The travel ban list allegedly has 100,000 names. Several opposition leaders and activists are subject to this travel ban and have been prevented from temporary travel abroad.
The constitution provides for the right of workers, except for state security and military personnel, to voluntarily form and join independent unions and to carry out actions in defense of workers' rights, including the right to strike. In practice, however, these rights are limited. The Belarusian Free Trade Union (FTUB) was established in 1991 and registered in 1992. Following the 1995 Minsk metro workers strike, the President suspended its activities. In 1996, FTUB leaders formed a new umbrella organization, the Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions (BCDTU), which encompasses four leading independent trade unions and is reported to have about 15,000 members. In late 2003, the BCDTU became a member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU).
In May 2001, a complaint was lodged with the International Labor Organization (ILO) by several trade union organizations alleging the government was attempting to destroy the independent unions. A campaign was carried out to raise international awareness about trade unions and to put pressure on the Belarusian authorities. Late in 2001, the regime attempted to further restrict the unions by refusing to turn over dues paid by members. Once it became clear that the unions and the FTUB were adjusting to this change, the government embarked on a takeover of the FTUB and several of its branch unions in June of 2002. The FTUB subsequently became an arm of the government, and the election of Leonid Kozik to the position of Chairman of the FTUB has been challenged by the ILO.
In November 2003, the ILO approved the establishment of a Commission of Inquiry to investigate alleged serious violations of workers' rights in the country. That same month the Ministry of the Economy informed the ILO that all activities related to its technical assistance project to labor unions must cease because the registration of the project was denied In 2004, the ILO presented the government with a list of 12 recommendations to improve its treatment of independent unions. A January 2006 ILO mission found that the government had not implemented any of these recommendations. As a result, in June 2007, the European Union (EU) suspended Belarus' trading preferences under the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP). The United States had suspended GSP preferences in 2000 due to Belarus' failure to take steps that would allow the right of association and collective bargaining.
In March 2004 the government began forcing state employees (some 80% of Belarusian workers) to sign short-term work contracts. Although contracts may be concluded for a period of five years, most expire after one year, which essentially grants the government the opportunity to annually fire anyone in its employ. Many members of independent unions, political parties, and civil society groups have lost their jobs when their contracts were not renewed.
The State Department's report on human rights practices in Belarus is located at http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/eur/119069.htm.
Principal Government Officials
President--Alyaksander
Lukashenka
Prime Minister--Syarhey Sidorski
Foreign
Minister--Syarhey Martynau
Ambassador to the
U.S.--vacant
Ambassador to the UN--Andrey Dapkiunis
Belarus' embassy in the U.S. is at 1619 New Hampshire Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009; tel: 202-986-1606; fax: 202-986-1805; website: www.embassy-worldwide.com/country/belarus/
ECONOMY
As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a
relatively well-developed industrial base; it retained this
industrial base following the breakup of the U.S.S.R. The
country also has a broad agricultural base and a high
education level. Among the former republics of the Soviet
Union, it had one of the highest standards of living. But
Belarusians now face the difficult challenge of moving from
a state-run economy with a high priority on military
production and heavy industry to a civilian, free-market
system.
After an initial outburst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of state enterprises, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus has greatly slowed under Lukashenka, and in many cases, reversed its pace of privatization and other market reforms while emphasizing the need for a "socially oriented market economy." About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. The banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized under Lukashenka. The government has also renationalized companies using the "Golden Share" mechanism, which allows government control in all companies with foreign investment, as well as through other administrative means.
Economic output, which declined for several years, revived in the late 1990s and early 2000s, but the economy has been dependent on heavy discounts in oil and natural gas prices from Russia. Belarus has historically re-exported the oil and oil products at world market prices, using the windfall profits to subsidize state enterprises. In December 2006, Belarus and Russian gas giant Gazprom signed a deal which will eventually end Russia's subsidies of gas for Belarus. Under the deal, Gazprom raised prices for Belarus gas deliveries in 2007 to $100 per 1,000 cubic meters, a significant rise from the subsidized previous price of $46, but still far less than the price paid by EU member states. The price for Russian gas will continue to increase incrementally until 2011, when it will equal the price paid by EU members. However, Belarusian officials stated in late 2008 and early 2009 Belarus’ interest in postponing the rise to EU prices until 2014-2015. Under the 2006 agreement, Gazprom will also gradually acquire a 50% stake in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian gas pipeline firm. In January 2007, Russia followed up with a steep duty on oil deliveries, which caused a significant drop in revenue from exports of oil products and Russian-sourced crude oil. The increase in gas prices and simultaneous moves by Moscow to reduce the profitability of refining Russian oil in Belarus for re-export disrupted plans to upgrade industries ranging from oil refining to cement production.
Peat, the country's most valuable mineral resource, is used for fuel, for fertilizer, and in the chemical industry. Belarus also has deposits of clay, sand, chalk, dolomite, phosphorite, and rock and potassium salt. Forests cover about a third of the land, and lumbering is an important occupation. Potatoes, flax, hemp, sugar beets, rye, oats, and wheat are the chief agricultural products. Dairy and beef cattle, pigs, and chickens are raised. Belarus has only small reserves of petroleum and natural gas, and it imports most of its oil and gas from Russia. The main branches of industry produce tractors and trucks, earthmovers for use in construction and mining, metal-cutting machine tools, agricultural equipment, motorcycles, chemicals, fertilizer, textiles, and consumer goods. The chief trading partners are Russia, Germany, Ukraine, and Poland.
The massive April 26, 1986 nuclear accident at the Chernobyl power plant, across the border in Ukraine, had a devastating effect on Belarus. As a result of the radiation released, agriculture in a large part of the country was destroyed and many villages were abandoned. Resettlement and medical costs were substantial and long-term. Many living in Chernobyl afflicted zones have infrequent access to medical treatment due to remoteness, inadequate equipment, and substantial costs. Although the Belarusian authorities claim otherwise, many radiation monitoring stations, especially in rural areas, are either ill-equipped, poorly staffed, and/or no longer in operation. Resettlement of those in affected areas remains incomplete.
Due to the economic and political climate, little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2002, two major companies, the Swedish furniture firm Ikea and Russian beer producer Baltika, ended operations in Belarus due to unrealized government commitments or unwelcome interference. Ford Motors did the same in 1999. Economic pressures in 2007 may have led to the unexpected and non-transparent sale of a state telecommunications company to an Austrian firm.
Growth continued to be robust in 2007. Consumer price inflation averaged about 8.3% in 2007, but higher energy import prices are expected to drive up inflation for 2008 and subsequent years. Large wage increases, which were typical in the 1990s and early 2000s, fueled some increased consumption but also made Belarusian firms less competitive. Close to 20% of enterprises and a majority of collective farms currently operate at a loss, a percentage that has remained steady since 2002. Beginning in late 2008, Belarus increasingly felt the effects of the global financial crisis, as exports decreased to other severely impacted economies, notably Russia. In light of the crisis, Belarus secured a $2 billion loan from Russia in November 2008 and a $2.5 billion stand-by arrangement from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in January 2009.
Belarus continues to be heavily dependent on Russia, with the potential for greater economic dependency in a long-proposed EU-style union between the two states. Prospects for an eventual union state remain weak, however, largely due to the apparent lack of interest on the part of the leadership of both countries. However, Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan have announced plans to move ahead with the formation of a customs union that they expect to be completed by 2010.
The World Bank announced a new 4-year country assistance strategy for Belarus in December 2007, which focuses on global environment and energy challenges, enhances the competitiveness of the Belarusian economy to assure rising incomes, and protects the welfare of the most vulnerable. As part of the strategy, the World Bank is financing improvements to schools, hospitals, and homes for orphans, the elderly, and the disabled throughout Belarus, with particular emphasis on improving the energy efficiency of those facilities. In 2004, Belarus rejected a World Bank loan to help fight AIDS and tuberculosis. IMF cooperation is currently limited to policy and technical consultations.
Environmental Issues
Belarus has established
ministries of energy, forestry, land reclamation, and water
resources, as well as state committees to deal with ecology
and safety procedures in the nuclear power industry. The
most serious environmental issue in Belarus results from the
1986 accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant. About
70% of the nuclear fallout from the plant landed on
Belarusian territory and about 20% of the land remains
contaminated. Government restrictions on residence and use
of contaminated land are not strictly enforced, and the
government even announced plans in 2004 to increase
agricultural production in the contaminated regions. The
government receives U.S. assistance in its efforts to deal
with the consequences of the radiation. Belarus also faces
growing air, land, and water pollution levels from potash
mining in the south of the country.
DEFENSE AND MILITARY
ISSUES
The United States continues to support Belarus'
adherence to arms control agreements and treaties into which
it has previously entered, including the Open Skies Treaty,
which Belarus ratified in 2001. Cooperation in all such
agreements has been exemplary.
Humanitarian aid continues to be the primary engagement between the U.S. military and Belarus. Humanitarian assistance programs have provided a tangible, long-lasting service and have encouraged goodwill toward the U.S. Government and the U.S. military. Humanitarian assistance has two principal elements--the Humanitarian Assistance Program-Excess Property donates non-lethal goods and technical assistance for humanitarian purposes while other assistance focuses on projects such as the refurbishment of medical facilities and the construction of school buildings.
Direct military to military cooperation continues to be minimal. Belarus currently has no International Military Education and Training (IMET) program, and bilateral exercises and cooperation are nonexistent. There is a great desire on the Belarusian side to re-establish such cooperation and contacts, but it has not been possible due to the political situation. The only program that is still functional within this category is the attendance of Belarusian military officers at George C. Marshall Center programs.
Belarus is currently cooperating with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, through the Partnership for Peace Trust Fund, to destroy a total of 700,000 conventional landmines. Belarus also has a stockpile of over 3 million non-conventional anti-personnel mines, which it pledged to destroy by March 2008. However, the bidding process for the project of destroying the mines is still ongoing. In addition, there are numerous World War II-vintage minefields, which are still in place and kill or injure several Belarusians every year.
The Ministry of Defense is experiencing success in the area of military reform. Planned changes include combining the Air and Air Defense Forces, downsizing the force structure about 30% from 83,000 to 60,000, transitioning from a conscript to a contract force, and modernizing the command and control structure by creating a Ground Forces Command between the Ministry of Defense and the units in the field. Implementation of these reforms will take an unspecified amount of time.
There have been numerous reports of Belarusian sales or delivery of weapons or weapons-related technologies to states of concern, including state sponsors of terrorism. In April and September 2004, the United States imposed sanctions on a Belarusian entity, Belvneshpromservice, pursuant to the Iran Nonproliferation Act of 2000 for the transfer to Iran of items on a multilateral export control list, or items having the potential of making a material contribution to weapons of mass destruction (WMD), or cruise or ballistic missile systems.
FOREIGN RELATIONS
Under an arrangement with
the former U.S.S.R., Belarus was an original member of the
United Nations. It also is a member of the Commonwealth of
Independent States (CIS - a group of 12 former Soviet
republics) and its customs union, the Belarusian and Russian
Union State, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Collective
Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Organization for
Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Partnership for Peace,
the North Atlantic Cooperation Council, the Non-Aligned
Movement, the International Organization for Migration
(IOM), the International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank.
Following the recognition of Belarus as an independent state in December 1991 by the European Community, EU-Belarus relations initially experienced a steady progression. The signature of the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) in 1995 signaled a commitment to political, economic, and trade cooperation. Significant assistance was provided to Belarus within the framework of the TACIS technical assistance program and also through various aid programs and loans. However, progress in EU-Belarus relations stalled in 1996 after serious setbacks in the development of democracy. The EU did not recognize the 1996 constitution that replaced the 1994 constitution. Neither the PCA nor its trade-related elements were implemented, and Belarus was not invited to join the EU's Neighborhood Policy. Belarusian membership in the Council of Europe was not supported, bilateral relations at the ministerial level were suspended, and EU technical assistance programs were frozen. In 1998, relations were further worsened when President Lukashenka evicted several western ambassadors from their homes in the Drozdy area of Minsk. In 2004, the Council of Europe adopted a report written by special rapporteur Christos Pourgourides calling on Belarusian authorities to suspend various high-level officials after conducting a thorough investigation of the cases of several prominent Belarusian political figures who have disappeared and remain unaccounted for. In line with the U.S., the EU spoke strongly against the government's conduct of the 2006 election, noting that additional restrictive measures would be imposed against those officials responsible for abuses. After the election, the U.S. and EU imposed travel restrictions and financial sanctions against those responsible for abuses. The EU also launched a two-year, two million Euro project to support Belarusian access to independent information, which complements U.S. assistance programs. In June 2007, the EU announced the withdrawal of GSP trade preferences for Belarus, following an assessment by the International Labor Organization that Belarus had not acted to ensure the protection of labor rights and freedom of association. After the September 2008 parliamentary elections, the EU issued a statement expressing its concern about the conduct of the elections, which despite some progress did not correspond to the OSCE’s democratic standards. In October 2008, the EU suspended its visa sanctions for six months on numerous Belarusian officials, including President Lukashenka, in response to Belarus’ release of political prisoners in August; this suspension has been extended until December 2009. In May 2009, the EU invited Belarus to take part in the Eastern Partnership Initiative.
Acknowledging the lack of progress in relation to bilateral relations and the internal situation following the position adopted in 1997, the EU adopted a benchmark approach in 1999, whereby relations would be gradually improved upon fulfillment of the four benchmarks set by the OSCE. In 2000, some moderately positive developments toward the implementation of recommendations made by the OSCE Advisory and Monitoring Group (AMG) were observed, but were not sufficient in the realm of access to fair and free elections. The Belarusian authorities, objecting to the OSCE AMG's activities, forced it to shutdown by failing to renew visas or extend accreditation of its professional staff. The Belarusian authorities agreed to a successor OSCE presence after 14 EU member countries and the U.S. imposed visa restrictions on the travel of high-ranking Belarusian officials. The OSCE Office in Minsk formally came into existence on January 1, 2003 with a mandate to "assist the Belarusian authorities in further promoting institution-building, in further consolidating the Rule of Law and in developing relations with civil society, in accordance with OSCE principles and commitments."
Russia is the largest partner for Belarus in the economic and political fields. In terms of trade, over one-third of Belarusian exports go to Russia. Due to the structure of Belarusian industry, Belarus relies heavily on other CIS countries, and Russia in particular, both for export markets and for the supply of raw materials, subsidized energy, and components. The steep increase in the price of natural gas in 2007, as well as higher tariffs on Russian-sourced oil and oil products, has contributed to a crisis in the Belarusian economy, forcing the regime to cut popular subsidies and to borrow from outside sources to finance the budget. Belarus received a $1.5 billion stabilization loan in late 2007 and a $2 billion loan in late 2008 from Russia.
The framework for the Russia-Belarusian Union was set out in the Treaty on the Formation of a Community of Russia and Belarus (1996), the Treaty on Russia-Belarus Union, the Union Charter (1997), and the Treaty of the Formation of a Union State (1999). The integration treaties contain commitments to monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. They also have established a range of institutions modeled after the EU. After protracted disputes and setbacks, the two countries' customs duties were unified as of March 2001. Belarus has made progress in monetary stabilization in the context of ongoing negotiation with the Russian Central Bank on monetary union. However, Belarus has repeatedly pushed back the date for implementing a monetary union. A dispute with Russia in late 2006 and early 2007 over gas prices and oil import duties raised further doubts about the future of the union, and many of the provisions of the union have yet to be implemented. Most recently, talks in October 2008 focused on plans to move forward with unification of customs rates for the Union State, supposedly to be completed by the end of the year, and the use of the Russian ruble for mutual payments. South Ossetia and Abkhazia have both expressed interest in joining the Union State, and in order for them to do so, their application must first be approved by the Union Parliament, and then the presidents of Belarus and Russia must approve the Parliament’s resolution to accept Abkhazia and South Ossetia.
U.S.-BELARUSIAN RELATIONS
The United States
recognized Belarusian independence on December 25, 1991.
After the two countries established diplomatic relations,
the U.S. Embassy in Minsk was officially opened on January
31, 1992. Ambassador David H. Swartz, the first Ambassador
to Belarus, officially assumed post on August 25, 1992, the
first anniversary of Belarusian independence, and departed
post on completion of his term in late January 1994. On
November 7, 1994, Ambassador Kenneth S. Yalowitz assumed
post. He was succeeded by Ambassador Daniel V. Speckhard,
who served from August 1997 to August 2000, spending one
year recalled to Washington because of a dispute between the
government and Western embassies over the confiscation of
diplomatic residences. Michael G. Kozak served as U.S.
Ambassador from October 2000 to August 2003. George A. Krol
served as U.S. Ambassador from September 2003 to July 2006.
Karen B. Stewart replaced Ambassador Krol as U.S. Ambassador
and arrived in Belarus on September 18, 2006. She was
recalled on March 12, 2008 following a threat of expulsion
by the Belarusian authorities and the recall of Belarus’
Ambassador to the U.S. Belarus subsequently voluntarily
reduced the staff at its U.S. missions, excluding the
mission to the UN, to five persons and demanded the U.S.
reciprocate by reducing the U.S. Embassy in Minsk to five
diplomats. When the U.S. refused to comply, the Belarusian
authorities expelled several U.S. diplomats to reduce U.S.
Embassy staffing to five diplomats. The U.S. has imposed no
restrictions on Belarus’ diplomatic missions to the U.S.
The two countries exchanged top-level official visits in the early years of independence. Stanislau Shushkevich, the Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus, met with President Clinton in Washington in July 1992, and President Clinton visited Belarus in January 1994 After this high point, bilateral relations cooled following the election of President Alyaksander Lukashenka in July 1994.
In September 1995 three hot air balloons participating in the Coupe Gordon Bennett race entered Belarusian air space. Race organizers had informed the Belarusian authorities about the race in May, and flight plans had been filed, nevertheless, the Belarusian air force shot down one balloon, killing two American citizens, and forced the other two to land. The crews of the other two balloons were fined for entering Belarus without a visa and released. Belarus to date has not apologized or offered compensation for these killings.
In November 1996, the Lukashenka regime conducted an internationally unrecognized constitutional referendum, which resulted in the dissolution of Belarus' legitimate parliament and the centralization of power in the executive branch. In that same year, the Belarusian authorities provoked a diplomatic crisis by demanding and, in contravention of international law, eventually confiscating diplomatic residences in the Drozdy housing compound, including the U.S. Ambassador's residence. This action led the United States and other countries to withdraw their ambassadors from Belarus until the Belarusian authorities provided compensation and guarantees of respect for international law. In addition, Lukashenka used his newly centralized power to repress human rights throughout the country, including persecuting members of the illegally disbanded Belarusian Parliament (13th Supreme Soviet) and former members of his own government.
As a result of these events and tendencies, the United States announced in 1997 its decision to pursue a "selective engagement" policy with the Belarusian authorities. This policy included downgrading government-to-government contacts to the level of Assistant Secretary and below, as well as restricting U.S. Government assistance to the Belarusian authorities, with some exceptions including humanitarian assistance and exchange programs with state-run educational institutions. At the same time, the U.S. greatly expanded contacts with Belarusian civil society to promote democratization in Belarus.
Since 1997, despite growing U.S. engagement with Belarusian society, official bilateral relations have remained at a low level. In 2003, the United States, in tandem with the European Union, proposed a step-by-step, gradual approach to improve bilateral relations: the United States would respond positively to genuine efforts by Belarusian authorities to improve Belarus' human rights and electoral practices. Belarusian authorities failed to take the steps that warranted a positive response.
In October 2004, the U.S. Congress passed, and President George W. Bush signed, the Belarus Democracy Act, which was designed to promote democratization. In signing the act, President Bush noted that the authorities were turning Belarus into "a regime of repression in the heart of Europe," and set out the U.S. policy of working "with our allies and partners to assist those seeking to return Belarus to its rightful place among the Euro-Atlantic community of democracies." After a deeply flawed presidential election in March 2006, the U.S., acting with the EU, imposed travel restrictions and targeted financial sanctions against Belarusian officials implicated in human rights abuses and election fraud. The financial sanctions prohibited U.S. persons from engaging in financial transactions with named persons. On January 12, 2007, President Bush signed the Belarus Democracy Reauthorization Act, which repeated the call for targeted sanctions against Belarusian officials and continued assistance for democracy building activities. In August 2007, the U.S. widened application of travel restrictions on Belarusians to include directors and deputy directors of state enterprises. In November 2007, the Treasury Department froze the U.S. assets of Belarus' oil and chemical conglomerate, Belneftekhim, because of Alyaksander Lukashenka's control of the company. After the Belarusian authorities released the last of its political prisoners in August 2008, the U.S. suspended sanctions for 6 months on two Belneftekhim subsidiaries, Lakokraska and Polotsk Steklovolokno; the suspensions were renewed for 3 months in March 2009 and 6 months in June 2009. To underscore U.S. support for the Belarusian people's democratic aspirations, President Bush and Secretary of State Rice frequently met with Belarusian pro-democracy activists, including during a December 2007 visit to Washington, DC by leaders of Belarusian pro-democracy political parties and NGOs.
U.S.-Belarusian Economic
Relations
The U.S. Government continues to support the
development of the private sector in Belarus and its
transition to a free market economy. Under the Lukashenka
regime, Belarusian authorities have pursued a generally
hostile policy toward the private sector and have refused to
initiate the basic economic reforms necessary to create a
market-based economy. Most of the Belarusian economy remains
in government hands. The government, in particular the
presidential administration, exercises control over most
enterprises in all sectors of the economy. In addition to
driving away major foreign investors, largely through
establishment of a "Golden Share" requirement which allows
government control in all companies with foreign investment,
Belarus' centralization and command approach to the economy
has left only a trickle of U.S. Government and international
assistance programs in this field.
In February 1993, a bilateral trade treaty guaranteeing reciprocal most-favored-nation status entered into force. In January 1994, the U.S. and Belarus signed a bilateral investment treaty, which has been ratified by Belarus but has not been ratified by the U.S. Senate. In addition, due to continuing repression of labor rights in Belarus, the U.S. removed Belarus from the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) in 2000.
The United States has encouraged Belarus to conclude and adhere to agreements with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) on macroeconomic stabilization and related reform measures, as well as to undertake increased privatization and to create a favorable climate for business and investment. Although there has been some American direct private investment in Belarus, its development has been relatively slow. An Overseas Private Investment Corporation agreement was signed in June 1992 but has been suspended since 1995 because Belarus did not fulfill its obligations under the agreement. Belarus is eligible for Export-Import Bank short-term financing insurance for U.S. investments, but because of the adverse business climate, no projects have been initiated. The IMF granted Belarus standby credit in September 1995, but it fell off the program and did not receive the second tranche of funding, which had been scheduled for regular intervals throughout 1996. Since that time, Belarus has had an ongoing discussion to relaunch IMF-backed reforms, including an IMF Staff-Monitored Program (SMP) in 2001, which ended in September of that year with relatively disappointing results. In early 2004, Belarus halted negotiations on a follow-on stand-by arrangement due to disagreements with the IMF on macroeconomic policy and the claim that it did not require IMF funding.
Because of the unpredictable, and at times hostile, environment for investors, the U.S. Government currently does not encourage U.S. companies to invest in Belarus. Belarus' continuing problems with an opaque, arbitrary legal system, a confiscatory tax regime, cumbersome licensing system, price controls, and lack of an independent judiciary create a business environment not conducive to prosperous, profitable investment. In fact, several U.S. investors have left Belarus, including the Ford Motor Company.
U.S.
Assistance to Belarus
U.S. Government assistance
programs in Belarus support and encourage civil society
development, access to independent information,
pro-democracy forces, and the emergence of democracy in a
very difficult and challenging environment. Most assistance
is in the form of training and exchanges, as well as small
grants and capacity-building for local non-governmental
organizations. The U.S. also supports external radio and
television broadcasting into Belarus, and external websites.
Because the Belarusian authorities have not embraced market
reforms, the US. is able to program only modest activities
in support of private entrepreneurs. The U.S. provides some
health program funding and supports international
organizations' efforts in Belarus to combat the growing
problem of trafficking in persons. With very limited
exceptions, including humanitarian assistance and exchange
programs involving state-run educational institutions,
bilateral assistance is not channeled through the Government
of Belarus.
For FY 2008, the U.S. provided $11 million to Belarus. Assistance is provided to Belarus under the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets (FREEDOM) Support Act (FSA) enacted in October 1992. U.S. Government assistance to Belarus peaked in 1994 at a level of approximately $76 million (consisting of more than $16 million in FREEDOM Support Act funds and some $60 million in funds from various U.S. Government agencies). However, U.S. assistance levels dropped sharply due to the lack of progress in democratic and economic reforms after Alyaksander Lukashenka came to power in mid-1994.
Belarus was previously a recipient of assistance under the U.S. Defense Department's Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program, whose objective is to reduce the threat posed to the United States by weapons of mass destruction remaining on the territory of the former Soviet Union by promoting denuclearization and demilitarization and preventing weapons proliferation. However, in February 1997, due to the Belarusian authorities’ poor record on human rights, President Clinton de-certified Belarus, thus rendering the country ineligible for further CTR assistance and placing restrictions on other security-related assistance as well. The United States and Belarus signed a government-to-government umbrella agreement on CTR assistance in 1992, seven agency-to-agency CTR implementing agreements, and one memorandum of understanding and cooperation. The umbrella agreement was extended for one year in October 1997 but has now expired.
For more detailed information on U.S. Government assistance to Belarus, please see the annual reports to Congress on U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, which are available in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs section on the State Department's website. A fact sheet on Foreign Operations Appropriated Assistance to Belarus for FY 2007 can be found at http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/107776.htm. Information is also available on the U.S. Agency for International Development's (USAID) website at the address: http://www.usaid.gov.
Principal U.S.
Embassy Officials
Chargé d'Affaires--Michael Scanlan
Management Officer--Robert Miller
Consul--Robert
Reeves
Regional Security Officer--Christine Putz
Information Management Officer—Eric Rose
The U.S. Embassy in Minsk, Belarus is located at Starovilenskaya 46; tel: (375-17) 210-12-83; fax: (375-17) 234-78-53.
TRAVEL AND BUSINESS INFORMATION
The U.S. Department
of State's Consular Information Program advises Americans
traveling and residing abroad through Country Specific
Information, Travel Alerts, and Travel Warnings. Country
Specific Information exists for all countries and includes
information on entry and exit requirements, currency
regulations, health conditions, safety and security, crime,
political disturbances, and the addresses of the U.S.
embassies and consulates abroad. Travel Alerts are issued to
disseminate information quickly about terrorist threats and
other relatively short-term conditions overseas that pose
significant risks to the security of American travelers.
Travel Warnings are issued when the State Department
recommends that Americans avoid travel to a certain country
because the situation is dangerous or unstable.
For the latest security information, Americans living and traveling abroad should regularly monitor the Department's Bureau of Consular Affairs Internet web site at http://www.travel.state.gov, where the current Worldwide Caution, Travel Alerts, and Travel Warnings can be found. Consular Affairs Publications, which contain information on obtaining passports and planning a safe trip abroad, are also available at http://www.travel.state.gov. For additional information on international travel, see http://www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Travel/International.shtml.
The Department of State encourages all U.S. citizens traveling or residing abroad to register via the State Department's travel registration website or at the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate abroad. Registration will make your presence and whereabouts known in case it is necessary to contact you in an emergency and will enable you to receive up-to-date information on security conditions.
Emergency information concerning Americans traveling abroad may be obtained by calling 1-888-407-4747 toll free in the U.S. and Canada or the regular toll line 1-202-501-4444 for callers outside the U.S. and Canada.
The National Passport Information Center (NPIC) is the U.S. Department of State's single, centralized public contact center for U.S. passport information. Telephone: 1-877-4-USA-PPT (1-877-487-2778); TDD/TTY: 1-888-874-7793. Passport information is available 24 hours, 7 days a week You may speak with a representative Monday-Friday, 8 a.m. to 10 p.m., Eastern Time, excluding federal holidays.
Travelers can check the latest health information with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. A hotline at 800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) and a web site at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/default.aspx give the most recent health advisories, immunization recommendations or requirements, and advice on food and drinking water safety for regions and countries. The CDC publication "Health Information for International Travel" can be found at http://wwwn.cdc.gov/travel/contentYellowBook.aspx.
Further Electronic Information
Department of State
Web Site. Available on the Internet at http://www.state.gov, the Department of
State web site provides timely, global access to official
U.S. foreign policy information, including Background Notes and daily press briefings along with the
directory of key officers of Foreign Service posts
and more. The Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC)
provides security information and regional news that impact
U.S. companies working abroad through its website http://www.osac.gov
Export.gov provides a portal to all export-related assistance and market information offered by the federal government and provides trade leads, free export counseling, help with the export process, and more.
STAT-USA/Internet, a service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, provides authoritative economic, business, and international trade information from the Federal government. The site includes current and historical trade-related releases, international market research, trade opportunities, and country analysis and provides access to the National Trade Data Bank.
ENDS