Only A Balanced Approach To Ocean & Inland Aquaculture Will Nourish The World, Research In Nature Communications Asserts

New research evaluates claims that ocean aquaculture is the next sustainable and equitable food frontier, points to a balanced approach that includes land-based aquaculture as essential to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.

18 November 2020 - PENANG, MALAYSIA - New research published in Nature Communications questions scientific and policy narratives around the potential of ocean aquaculture to solely contribute to food and nutrition security and environmental sustainability. It recommends a balanced approach that includes investing in existing aquaculture on land as key to increase farmed aquatic foods in ways that contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals.

The study suggests claims that aquaculture out at sea, particularly cage farming of high-value fish species such as salmon, has the potential to equitably nourish the world are overstated and have little likelihood of delivering affordable aquatic foods to those who need it most. Policymakers and investors must acknowledge the current and future role of inland freshwater aquaculture and capture fisheries in improving the lives of those with the most acute sustainable development needs in low- and middle-income countries.

Many of the worlds’ vulnerable people are dependent on fish and other aquatic foods harvested from ponds, lakes, rivers as well as oceans to support healthy diets and livelihoods. The research calls for investment to be context-specific and oriented to inland freshwater aquaculture and coastal capture fisheries to underpin affordable and accessible nutritious food, particularly in emerging economies where demand is growing most.

Aquaculture is currently one of the fastest-growing forms of food production on earth. Most farmed aquatic foods originate from land-based freshwater production systems that are not as resource-constrained as often claimed. Recently, growth in aquatic food production has occurred mainly through intensification rather than horizontal expansion, enabling higher levels of farm productivity using the same or less land and water.

The economics of offshore marine aquaculture require industrial-scale cultivation of high market value fish species to meet high production costs. This will promote the participation of large investors catering to consumers with high purchasing power. By supporting a model of development based on the privatization and exclusive use of oceanic resources, the drive to promote marine aquaculture feeds into a wider policy discourse of ‘blue growth’ with the potential to displace existing ocean users, most importantly fishers. Coastal fisheries currently make extremely important contributions to the livelihoods and food and nutrition security of millions of people.

The paper’s lead author, Dr. Ben Belton, WorldFish Value Chain and Nutrition Senior Scientist and Associate Professor at Michigan State University, said: “This research questions a growing narrative that offshore ocean aquaculture can sustainably nourish the world. Perspectives of low- and middle-income consumers who already rely on capture fisheries and inland freshwater aquaculture for healthy and diverse diets must be part of the discussion.”

"Offshore marine aquaculture set-ups require large investments that preclude smaller producers from reaping the benefits and generate little employment. It won’t feed the world alone as it is skewed toward ‘luxury’ finfish, which most consumers in low- and middle-income countries can’t afford.”

“Efforts to increase production of farmed aquatic foods in ways that are compatible with achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through equitable and sustainable food system transformation must also focus on improving existing aquaculture on land, not pushing it far out into the oceans.”

“The evidence suggests that inland freshwater aquaculture and marine capture fisheries have far greater potential to continue to supply most of the world’s aquatic food and contribute to human equity and food security than offshore marine finfish farming. Policies and investments that seek to increase the availability and accessibility of affordable and sustainable farmed aquatic foods should look to the land.”

The study's co-author, Dr. Dave Little, a Professor in Institute of Aquaculture at the University of Stirling, said: “Projections for mariculture, particularly offshore cage farming of high trophic species that are attracting the attention of investors and policymakers, is very unlikely to deliver affordable seafood for those who need it most. Many of the worlds’ poorest people are particularly dependent on fish and other aquatic food in their diets and investment is urgently required to ensure that they can maintain their nutritional security. Ensuring inland aquaculture continues to develop and underpin affordable and accessible nutritious food is critical, particularly in low- and medium-income countries where demand is growing fastest”

“The challenges around how inland aquaculture can continue to expand and remain sustainable, complementing other parts of the food systems and continuing to impact minimally on the local and global environment will require investment in R&D going forward.”

Another of the paper’s authors, Dr. Shakuntala Thilsted, WorldFish Research Program Leader for Value Chains and Nutrition, said: “In response to global calls to transform food systems for healthy and sustainable diets, inland aquaculture and coastal capture fisheries must be prioritized. The ability to breed and farm freshwater fish at low cost using relatively basic technologies makes them accessible to low- and middle-income consumers in countries with high levels of supply, as well as to small- and medium-scale producers who benefit from farming them. Integrating fruit and vegetable crops in inland pond aquaculture can also improve climate-resilience and access to diverse diets.”

Read the full study in Nature Communications

About WorldFish

WorldFish is an international, nonprofit research and innovation institution that creates, advances and translates aquaticfoodsystems science into scalable solutions for healthy people and planet. For over 45-years, WorldFish’s data, evidence and insights have shaped practices, policies and investments to end hunger and advance sustainable development in low- and middle-income countries.

WorldFish has a global presence across 20 countries in Asia, Africa and the Pacific with 460 staff of 30 nationalities deployed where the greatest sustainable development challenges can be addressed through holistic aquatic food systems solutions. Embedded in local, national and international partnerships, its work sets agendas, builds capacities and supports decision-making for climate action, food and nutrition security, sustainable fisheries and aquaculture, blue economy, OneHealth and AgriTech, integrating gender, youth and social inclusion.

WorldFish makes part of One CGIAR, the world’s largest agricultural innovation network.

For more information, please visit: https://www.worldfishcenter.org

About Michigan State University

Michigan State University has been advancing the common good with uncommon will for more than 160 years. One of the top research universities in the world, MSU pushes the boundaries of discovery and forges enduring partnerships to solve the most pressing global challenges while providing life-changing opportunities to a diverse and inclusive academic community through more than 200 programs of study in 17 degree-granting colleges.

About the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling

The University of Stirling’s world-leading Institute of Aquaculture was founded in 1971 and is the largest of its kind in the world. It provides high-quality research, training, technology development, and consultancy to tackle global problems of food security, hunger and sustainability through aquaculture.

Working with governments, regulatory bodies, industry, pharmaceutical suppliers, fish farmers and supply chains, the Institute of Aquaculture has links and partnerships in more than 50 countries. The Institute’s pioneering work was recognized with the UK’s most prestigious academic honor – the Queen’s Anniversary Prize – in November 2019.

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